分布式搜索-ElasticSearch
ElasticSearch的定义
ElasticSearch是一款强大的开源搜索引擎,可以帮助我们从海量数据中快速找到需要的内容。
ElasticSearch结合kibana、logstash、beats即elastic stack(ELK),被广泛应用在日志数据分析、实时监控等领域。ElasticSearch是elastic stack的核心、负责存储、搜索、分析数据。
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Lucene是一个Java语言的搜索引擎类库,具有易扩展、高性能(基于倒排索引)的优势,但是只限于Java语言开发、学习复杂、不支持水平扩展。
2010年、Shay Banon重写了Compass,取名为ElasticSearch,相比于Lucene,ElasticSearch具备下列优势:支持分布式,可水平扩展;提供Restful接口,可被任何语言调用。
总结
ElasticSearch是一个开源的分布式搜索引擎,可以用来实现搜索、日志统计、分析、系统监控等功能。
倒排索引
传统数据库(例如MySQL)采用正向索引,实例tb_goods中id插件索引:
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ElasticSearch采用倒排索引:
- 文档(document):每条数据就是一个文档
- 词条(term):文档按照语义分成的词语
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总结
什么是文档和词条
- 每一条数据是一个文档
- 对文档中的内容分词,得到词语就是词条
什么是正向索引
- 基于文档id创建索引。查询词条时必须先找到文档,而后判断是否包含词条
什么是倒排索引
- 对文档内容分词,对词条创建索引,并记录词条所在文档的信息。查询时根据词条查询文档id,而后获取到文档。
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ElasticSearch与MySQL的概念对比
文档
ElasticSearch是面向文档存储的,可以是数据库中的一条商品数据、一个订单数据。
文档数据会被序列化为Json格式后存储在ElasticSearch中
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索引
索引(index):相同类型的文档的集合
映射(mapping):索引中文档的字段约束信息,类似表的结构约束
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概念对比
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架构
MySQL:擅长事务类型操作,可以确保数据的安全和一致性
ElasticSearch:擅长海量数据的搜索、分析和计算
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总结
- 索引:同类型文档的集合
- 文档:一个数据就是一个文档,在es中是JSON格式
- 字段:JSON文档中的字段
- 映射:索引中文档的约束,比如字段名称、类型
elasticsearch与数据库的关系
- 数据库负责事务类型操作
- elasticsearch负责海量数据的搜索、分析和计算
部署
安装ElasticSearch
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| docker pull elasticsearch:7.17.3
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启动ElasticSearch服务
可以使用ES_JAVA_OPTS设置占用内存大小
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| docker run -p 9200:9200 -p 9300:9300 \ --name elasticsearch \ -e "discovery.type=single-node" \ -e "cluster.name=elasticsearch" \ -e "ES_JAVA_OPTS=-Xms512m -Xmx1024m" \ -v /mydata/elasticsearch/plugins:/usr/share/elasticsearch/plugins \ -v /mydata/elasticsearch/data:/usr/share/elasticsearch/data \ -d elasticsearch:7.17.3
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| chmod 777 /mydata/elasticsearch/data/
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| docker restart elasticsearch
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安装Kibana
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| docker pull kibana:7.17.3
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| docker run --name kibana -p 5601:5601 \ --link elasticsearch:es \ -e "elasticsearch.hosts=http://es:9200" \ -d kibana:7.17.3
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分词器
ElasticSearch创建倒排索引时需对文档进行分词,在搜索时,需要对用户输入内容分词。
但是默认的分词规则对中文处理并不友好,可以在Kibana中的DevTools中进行测试
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IK分词器
处理中文分词,一般使用IK分词器
IK分词器包含两种模式:ik_smart-最少切分 ik_max_word-最细切分
前面已经安装过了IK分词器插件,下面进行测试:
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IK分词器的拓展和停用字典
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扩展词库
修改ik分词器config目录中的IkAnalyzer.cfg.xml文件,扩展ik分词库的词库
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停用词库
修改ik分词器config目录中的IkAnalyzer.cfg.xml文件,禁用敏感词条
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实践
添加dic文件
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修改xml配置
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添加词库内容
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重启ElasticSearch服务
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查看分词结果
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总结
分词器的作用
- 创建倒排索引时,对文档进行分词
- 用户搜索时,对输入的内容进行分词
IK分词器的模式
- ik_smart:智能切分,粗粒度
- ik_max_word:最细切分,细粒度
IK分词器的拓展和停用词条
- 利用config目录的IkAnalyzer.cfg.xml文件添加拓展词典和停用词典
- 在词典中添加拓展词条和停用词条
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索引库操作
mapping属性
mapping是对索引库中文档的约束,常见的mapping属性包括如下:
- type:字段数据类型,常见的简单类型有:
- 字符串:text-可分词的文本 keyword-精确值(例如:品牌、国家、ip地址)
- 数值:long、integer、short、byte、double、float
- 布尔:boolean
- 日期:date
- 对象:object
- index:是否创建索引,默认为true
- analyzer:使用哪些分词器
- properties:字段的子字段
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总结
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创建索引库
ElasticSearch中通过Restful请求操作索引库、文档。
请求内容用DSL语句来表示
创建索引库和mapping的DSL语法
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| # 创建索引库 PUT /test { "mappings": { "properties": { "info": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_smart" }, "email": { "type": "keyword", "index": false }, "name": { "type": "object", "properties": { "firstName": { "type": "keyword" }, "lastName": { "type": "keyword" } } } } } }
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查询索引库
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删除索引库
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修改索引库
索引库和mapping一旦创建无法修改,但是可以添加新的字段
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| # 修改索引库 只可以添加mapping PUT /test/_mapping { "properties": { "age": { "type": "integer" } } }
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总结
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文档操作
新增文档
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| # 新增文档 POST /test/_doc/1 { "info": "你好,世界", "email": "xx@qq.com", "name": { "firstName": "Yuan", "lastName": "JianWei" }, "age": 20 }
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查询文档
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删除文档
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修改文档
方式一:全量修改,删除旧文档、添加新文档
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| # 全量修改文档 PUT /test/_doc/1 { "info": "你好,世界", "email": "xx@123.com", "name": { "firstName": "Yuan", "lastName": "JianWei" }, "age": 20 }
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方式二:增量修改,修改指定字段值
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总结
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RestClient操作索引库
ElasticSearch官方提供了各种不同语言的客户端,用来操作ElasticSearch。
这些客户端的本质是组装DSL语句,通过http请求发送给ElasticSearch服务器。
官网地址:https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/client/index.html
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数据结构分析
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| # hotel mapping PUT /hotel { "mappings": { "properties": { "id":{ "type": "keyword" }, "name": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" }, "address": { "type": "text", "index": false }, "price": { "type": "integer" }, "score": { "type": "integer" }, "brand": { "type": "keyword" }, "city": { "type": "keyword" }, "starName": { "type": "keyword" }, "business": { "type": "keyword" }, "location": { "type": "geo_point" }, "pic": { "type": "keyword", "index": false } } } }
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ElasticSearch支持两种地理坐标的数据类型:
- geo_point:由纬度(latitude)和经度(longitude)确定一个点
- geo_shape:有多个geo_point组成的复杂几何图形
字段拷贝可以使用copy_to属性将当前字段拷贝到指定字段:
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| # hotel mapping PUT /hotel { "mappings": { "properties": { "id":{ "type": "keyword" }, "name": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word", "copy_to": "all" }, "address": { "type": "text", "index": false }, "price": { "type": "integer" }, "score": { "type": "integer" }, "brand": { "type": "keyword", "copy_to": "all" }, "city": { "type": "keyword" }, "starName": { "type": "keyword" }, "business": { "type": "keyword", "copy_to": "all" }, "location": { "type": "geo_point" }, "pic": { "type": "keyword", "index": false }, "all": { "type": "text", "analyzer": "ik_max_word" } } } }
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初始化RestClient
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引入ElasticSearchRestHighLevelClient依赖
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| <dependency> <groupId>org.elasticsearch.client</groupId> <artifactId>elasticsearch-rest-high-level-client</artifactId> <version>7.17.3</version> </dependency>
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覆盖SpringBoot默认的ElasticSearch版本
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| <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> <elasticsearch.version>7.17.3</elasticsearch.version> </properties>
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初始化RestHignLevelClient
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| @Slf4j public class RestClientTest { private RestHighLevelClient restHighLevelClient;
@BeforeEach void setUp() { this.restHighLevelClient = new RestHighLevelClient(RestClient.builder( HttpHost.create("http://1.117.34.49:5601") )); }
@AfterEach void tearDown() throws IOException { this.restHighLevelClient.close(); }
@Test void testInit() { System.out.println(this.restHighLevelClient); } }
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创建索引库
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| @Test void createProductIndex() throws IOException { CreateIndexRequest createIndexRequest = new CreateIndexRequest("product"); createIndexRequest.source(PRODUCT_TEMPLATE, XContentType.JSON); this.restHighLevelClient.indices().create(createIndexRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); }
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删除索引库
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| @Test void deleteProductIndex() throws IOException { DeleteIndexRequest deleteIndexRequest = new DeleteIndexRequest("product"); this.restHighLevelClient.indices().delete(deleteIndexRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); }
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判断索引库是否存在
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| @Test void existsProductIndex() throws IOException { GetIndexRequest getIndexRequest = new GetIndexRequest("product"); boolean exists = this.restHighLevelClient.indices().exists(getIndexRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); System.out.println(exists ? "索引库存在" : "索引库不存在"); }
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总结
索引库操作的基本步骤
- 初始化RestHighLevelClient
- 创建IndexRequest
- 准备DSL语句
- 发送请求,调用restHighLevelClient.indices()的API
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RestClient操作文档
初始化RestClient
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| @Slf4j @RunWith(SpringRunner.class) @SpringBootTest public class RestDocumentTest { @Resource private PmsProductService pmsProductService;
private RestHighLevelClient restHighLevelClient;
@Before public void setUp() { this.restHighLevelClient = new RestHighLevelClient(RestClient.builder( HttpHost.create("http://1.117.34.49:9200") )); }
@After public void tearDown() throws IOException { this.restHighLevelClient.close(); }
@Test public void testInit() { System.out.println(this.restHighLevelClient); } }
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新增文档
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| @Test public void postIndexDocument() throws IOException { PmsProduct pmsProduct = pmsProductService.getPmsProductById(1L); EsProduct esProduct = new EsProduct(); BeanUtils.copyProperties(pmsProduct, esProduct); String source = JSONUtil.toJsonStr(esProduct); IndexRequest indexRequest = new IndexRequest("product").id(String.valueOf(esProduct.getId())); indexRequest.source(source, XContentType.JSON); this.restHighLevelClient.index(indexRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); }
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查询文档
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| @Test public void getIndexDocument() throws IOException{ GetRequest getRequest = new GetRequest("product", "1"); GetResponse getResponse = this.restHighLevelClient.get(getRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); String sourceAsString = getResponse.getSourceAsString(); EsProduct esProduct = JSONUtil.toBean(sourceAsString, EsProduct.class); System.out.println(esProduct); }
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修改文档
修改文档数据有两种方式:
- 方式一:全量更新:写入id和之前一样的文档,就会删除旧文档,添加新文档
- 方式二:局部更新:只更新部分字段
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| @Test public void updateIndexDocument() throws IOException { UpdateRequest updateRequest = new UpdateRequest("product", "1"); updateRequest.doc("price","128", "sale", "10"); this.restHighLevelClient.update(updateRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); }
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删除文档
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| @Test public void deleteIndexDocument() throws IOException { DeleteRequest deleteRequest = new DeleteRequest("product", "1"); this.restHighLevelClient.delete(deleteRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); }
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批量导入文档
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| @Test public void bulkIndexDocument() throws IOException { BulkRequest bulkRequest = new BulkRequest(); List<PmsProduct> pmsProducts = pmsProductService.getPmsProducts(new PmsProduct()); pmsProducts.forEach(pmsProduct -> { EsProduct esProduct = new EsProduct(pmsProduct); bulkRequest.add(new IndexRequest("product") .id(String.valueOf(esProduct.getId())) .source(JSONUtil.toJsonStr(esProduct), XContentType.JSON)); }); this.restHighLevelClient.bulk(bulkRequest, RequestOptions.DEFAULT); }
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总结
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